Google

World’s Leading and largest company of the Internet and supposed to the topper among the competitors . At the beginning it was just a search  engine with very excellent and user- friendly interface and  now  its the number one across the world ranked others. Google’s simplicity and quality make it best among the others whereas it offers revolutionary ways and techniques for Advertising and Marketing ..

Google Inc.

Type	Public
Traded as	NASDAQ: GOOG NYSE: GOOG FWB: GGQ1
Industry	Internet Computer software
Founded	Menlo Park, California (September 4, 1998)[1][2]
Founder(s)	Sergey Brin Larry Page
Headquarters	1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California, United States
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Larry Page (Co-Founder and CEO) Eric Schmidt (Executive Chairman) Sergey Brin (Co-Founder)
Products	See list of Google products.
Revenue	US$ 29.321 billion (2010)[3]
Operating income	US$ 10.381 billion (2010)[3]
Profit	US$ 8.505 billion (2010)[3]
Total assets	US$ 57.851 billion (2010)[3]
Total equity	US$ 46.241 billion (2010)[3]
Employees	26,316 (March 31, 2011)[3]
Subsidiaries	YouTube, DoubleClick, On2 Technologies, Google Voice, Picnik, Aardvark, AdMob
Website	google.com

Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products,^[4] and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program.^[5][6] The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, often dubbed the "Google Guys”,^[7][8][9] while the two were attending Stanford University as PhD candidates. It was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998, and its initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for twenty years, until the year 2024.^[10] The company’s mission statement from the outset was "to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful”,^[11] and the company’s unofficial slogan – coined by Google engineer Paul Buchheit – is "Don’t be evil".^[12][13] In 2006, the company moved to its current headquarters in Mountain View, California.

Google runs over one million servers in data centers around the world,^[14] and processes over one billion search requests^[15] and about twenty-four petabytes of user-generated data every day.^{[16][17][18][19]} Google’s rapid growth since its incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond the company’s core web search engine. The company offers online productivity software, such as its Gmail email service, and social networking tools, including Orkut and, more recently, Google Buzz. Google’s products extend to the desktop as well, with applications such as the web browser Google Chrome, the Picasa photo organization and editing software, and the Google Talk instant messaging application. Notably, Google leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, used on a number of phones such as the Nexus One and Motorola Droid, as well as Google Chrome OS, which is still under heavy development but is best known as the main operating system on the Cr-48. Alexa lists the main U.S.-focused google.com site as the Internet’s most visited website, and numerous international Google sites (google.co.in, google.co.uk etc.) are in the top hundred, as are several other Google-owned sites such as YouTube, Blogger, and Orkut.^[20] Google also ranks number one in the BrandZ brand equity database.^[21] The dominant market position of Google’s services has led to criticism of the company over issues including privacy, copyright, and censorship.^[22][23]

گوگل

گوگل متشرک۔ ایک امریکی عوامی ادارہ ہے جس کا سب سے اہم مقصد عام صارفین کو جالبین پر تلاش اور برقی پیغام رسانی کی سہولت دینا ہے۔
لیکن ان کے علاوہ گوگل اور بھی کئ مفید خدمات اپنے صارفین کو مہیّا کرتا ہے۔
اس کا مرکزی دفتر، جوکہ گوگل پلکس (Googleplex) کہلاتا ہے، ماؤنٹین ویو (Mountain View) کیلی فورنیا (California) میں واقع ہے۔
گوگل کی آمدنی کا سب سے بڑا انحصار جالبینی اشتہارکاری (Internet-Advertising) اور چند شمارندی مصنعاتِ لطیف (Computer-Software) کی فروخت پر ہوتا ہے۔
اِس وقت گوگل کے کل ملازمین کی تعداد بیس ہزار کے قریب ہے ^{[حوالہ درکار]} جبکہ کل سالانہ آمدنی سولہ ارب امریکی ڈالرز سے زیادہ ہے^{[حوالہ درکار]}۔

شروعات

جنوری 1996ء میں دو افراد لیری پیج (Larry Page) اور سرجے برن (Sergey Brin) جو کہ سٹینفورڈ یونیورسٹی کیلی فورنیا (Stanford University California) میں Ph.D کے طالب علم تھے۔ اکٹھے ہوئے اور گوگل ریسرچ منصوبہ کی بنیاد رکھی۔
اس منصوبہ کا سب سے اہم مقصد شبکہ پر موجود مواقع (Websites) کی درجہ بندی کرنی تھی۔
انہوں نے اپنے سرج انجن کو بیک رب (BackRub) کا نام دیا اور اس پر اپنی محنت شروع کردی۔

جلد ہی صارفین گوگل کو اس کے سادہ بناوٹ (Interface) اور تلاش کے بہتریں نتائج کی بدولت پسند کرنے لگے۔
2000ء تک اِس نے اپنے آپ کو ایک مستند سرج انجن کی وجہ سے جالبینی دُنیا میں مستحکم کرلیا۔
گوگل نے اسی عرصے میں صارفین کے ان الفاظ کو جن کی مدد سے وہ اپنا مطلب تلاش کرتے تھے (Search-Keyword-Ads) کا نام دے کر اشتہارات حاصل کرنا شروع کئے۔
یہ اشہارات صارفین کو اس صفحے پر دکھائی دیتے جہاں وہ تلاش کے نتائج دیکھتے تھے ان اشتہارات کی خوبی یہ تھی کہ یہ صرف لفظوں پر مشتمل ہوتے تھے اور صارفین کی طبعیت پر برا اثر نہیں چھوڑتے تھے۔
گوگل کی یہ روایت ابھی تک قائم ہے۔

اداروں کی خرید

جوں جوں گوگل ترقی کرتا گیا اس نے دیگر شعبوں میں بھی قدم رکھنا شروع کیے اور چھوٹے موٹے اداروں کو خرید کر ان کی خدمات بھی صارفین کی طرف منتقل کرنے لگا۔
گوگل کا تحرک (Moto) شیطان مت بنو (Do’nt be Evil) یہ واضح کرتا ہے کہ ادارہ کا بنیادی مقصد اپنے صارفین کی خدمت کرنا ہے نہ کہ اسے لوٹنا۔

اسی تحرک کو بنیاد رکھتے ہوئے جہاں تک ہوسکا گوگل نے اپنے صارفیں کو مفت خدمات پیش کیں اور جن اداروں کو خریدا ان میں سے اکثر ایسے تھے جو اپنی مصنوعات صارفین کو فروخت کرتے تھے جیسا کہ کی ہول (Keyhole Inc) کا شمارندہ پرگرام ارتھ ویور (Earth-Viewer) جسے ادارہ سمیت گوگل نے خریدا اور اس کا ایک مفت حصہ اپنے صارفین کو مہیا کیا۔
مندرجہ ذیل لسٹ ان اہم اداروں کی ہے جسے وقتاً فوقتاً گوگل نے خریدا اور ان کی مفت خدمات صارفین کو پیش کیں۔

1. اپریل 2003 میں اپلائڈ سمینٹکس (Applied Semantics) نامی ادارے کو دس کروڑ بیس لاکھ ڈالر 102,000,000$ کے عوض خریدا۔ اس ادارے کی اہم خدمت لفضی اشتہارات (AdSense, AdWords) کی وصولی اور تشہیر ہے۔
2. جون 2004 میں بیدو (Baidu) جوکہ چائینز زبان کا سرچ انجن ہے کا 6 فیصد حصہ پچاس لاکھ ڈالر 5,000,000$ کے عوض خریدا۔
3. جولائ 2004 میں پکاسا (Picasa) نامی ادارے کو خریدا۔ یہ ادارہ تصاویرکو ترتیب دینے اور سنورنے کا کاروباری پرگرام بناتا تھا۔ گوگکل نے اسے صارفین کے لئے مفت کردیاہے۔
4. اکتوبر 2004 میں کی ہول (Keyhole, Inc) نامی ادارے کو خریدا۔ اس ادارے کی اہم خدمت ارتھ ویور (Earth-Viewer) نامی پروگرام کی فروخت تھی۔ گوگکل نے اسے خرید کر گوگل ارتھ (Google Earth) کا نام دیا اور ایک حصہ صارفین کے لئے مفت کردیا۔
5. جولائ 2005 میں کرنٹ کیمونیکیشن گروپ (Current Communications Group) نامی ادارے کو دس کروڑ 100,000,000$ کے عوض خریدا۔ اس ادارے کی اہم خدمت تیزرفتار حصول شبکہ (Broadband internet access) کی فراہمی ہے۔
6. دسمبر 2005 میں مشہور امریکہ آن لائن (AOL) نامی ادارے کا 5 فیصدحصہ ایک ارب ڈالر 1,000,000,000$ کے عوض خریدا۔ اس ادارے کی اہم خدمات صارفین کو برقی خط کی سہولت اور پیغام رساں (AOL-Messenger) نامی پروگرام کی فراہمی ہے۔
7. مارچ 2006 میں لاسٹ سافٹ وئر (Last Software@) نامی ادارے کو خریدا۔ اس ادارے کی اہم خدمت سہ سمتی نمونہ نگاری(3D modeling) پروگرام کا بنانا اور فروخت تھی۔ گوگل نے اسے خرید کر گوگل سکیچ اپ (Google Sketchup) کا نام دیا اور ایک حصہ صارفین کے لئے مفت کردیا۔
8. اکتوبر 2006 میں مشہور یو ٹیوب (YouTube) نامی ادارے کو ایک ارب ساٹھ کروڑ ڈالر 1,650,000,000$ کے عوض خریدا۔ اس ادارے کی اہم خدمت شبکہ پر وڈیو کو دیکھنا اور دکھانا ہے (Video-Sharing) گوگل نے اسے مزید بہتر کیا۔
9. اپریل 2007 میں ڈبل کلک (DoubleClick) نامی ادارے کو تین ارب دس کروڑ ڈالر 3,100,000,000$ کے عوض خریدا یہ اب تدصولی اور تشہیر ہے جسے صارف اپنے مقام رابط (Website) پر دکھا سکتا ہے اور گوگل سے اس کے عوض معاوضہ لے سکتا ہے۔
10. جولائ 2007 میں پوسٹنی (Postni) نامی ادارے کو باسٹھ کروڑ پچاس لاکھ ڈالر 625,000,000$ کے عوض خریدا۔ اس ادارے کی اہم خدمت جی میل (Gmail) کی فراہمی ہے۔

موجودہ حیثیت

آج کل کے جدید دور میں جہاں ان دس برسوں میں شمارندہ (Computer) اور جالبین (Internet) نے بے انتہا ترقی کی ہے اور بے شمار ادارے گوگل سے ملتی جلتی خدمات پیش کررہے ہیں وہاں اب بھی وہ سب سے آگے ہے۔
اس نے جو مقام اپنے چلانے والوں کی انتھک محنت اور جزبہ سے حاصل کیا اس سے نیچے نہیں آیا بلکہ اوپر ہی گیا ہے۔ جب اس کی شروعات ہوئی تو مارکیٹ پر یاہو (Yahoo) کی اجارہ داری تھی جبکہ ایم ایس این (MSN) عین اس کے پیچھے تھا۔

مزکورہ دونوں ادارے کافی عرصے گوگل کے ساتھ مقابلہ کرتے رہے اور ان کی پوزیشن تبدیل ہوتی رہی مگر اب گوگل نے جالبین کی مارکیٹ میں اپنے آپ کو منوالیا ہے اور مزید کافی عرصے تک اس میدان میں اس کا کوئی مدمقابل دکھائی نہیں دیتا۔ صارفیں کے لئے ایک اچھی بات یہ ہے کہ وقت گزرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ گوگل نہ صرف مزید نئے برنامہ جات اور خدمات ان میں متعارف کروارہا ہے بلکہ دوسرے اداروں کو بھی مجبور کررہا ہے کہ وہ اپنی خدمات بہتر بنائیں تاکہ گوگل کا مقابلہ کرسکیں۔
مثال کے طور پر کچھ سال قبل صارفین ممم کی ایک ایم بی میل بکس استمعال کرنے پر مجبور تھے یاہو پھر بھی غینمت تھا جو پانچ ایم بی میل بکس اپنے صارفین کو دیتا تھا۔
جب گوگل نے جی میل (Gmail) کی سروس شروع کی تو ایک یا پانچ نہیں پورے ایک جی بی میل بکس اپنے صارفین کو فراہم کیا اور اس میں روزانہ مزید اضافہ بھی ہوتا رہا ہے جس کی بدولت اس وقت اضافہ ملا کر میل بکس چھ جی بی سے تجاوز کرچکا ہے۔ تو اس کا مقابلہ کرنے کے لئے دوسرے اداروں نے بھی مجبوراً اپنے میل بکس بڑے کردئے۔

متنازعہ

اخفائے راز

چونکہ گوگل صارفین کے بارے ہر قسم کا معطیات اکٹھا کرتا ہے، برقی ڈاک کو پڑھتا ہے، اس لیے ذی ہوش صارفین اخفائے راز (privacy) کے حوالے سے گوگل سے شاکی رہے ہیں۔ بالآخر گوگل کے مالک نے ان اندیشوں کے برحق ہونے کا ان الفاظ میں اعتراف کر لیا:^[1]

If you have something that you don’t want anyone to know, maybe you shouldn’t be doing it in the first place

— Eric Schmidt, CEO Google

چین سے سادیاتی جنگ

جنوری 2010ء میں گوگل نے الزام لگایا کہ اس نے چین کے کارندوں کی جانب سےگوگل کے عمیلوں پر سادیاتی حملے کا کھوج لگایا ہے اور دھمکی دی کہ وہ شین میں اپنے دفتر بند کرنے کا سوچ سکتا ہے۔ کچھ ہی دن بعد امریکی وزیر خارجہ ہیلری کلنٹن نے جالکار بارے امریکی جارحانہ سادیاتی حکمت عملی بے نقاب کی۔^[2]

• گوگل کے مصنوعات کی فہرست
• گوگل دنیا
• گوگل اسکیچ اپ
• یو ٹیوب
• پکاسا
• یاہو
• ایم ایس این
• ونڈوز لائو

1. ^ انکوائرر، 7 دسمبر 2009ء، "Google chief: Only miscreants worry about net privacy”
2. ^ wsws 23 جنوری 2010ء، "US plans to harness Internet to its hegemonic goals”

بیرونی رابطہ

گوگل کا سرورق

History

Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in California.^[1]

While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships between websites.^[25] They called this new technology PageRank, where a website’s relevance was determined by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, that linked back to the original site.^[26][27]

A small search engine called "RankDex” from IDD Information Services designed by Robin Li was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking.^[28] The technology in RankDex would be patented^[29] and used later when Li founded Baidu in China.^[30][31]

Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine "BackRub”, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.^[32][33][34]

Eventually, they changed the name to Google, originating from a misspelling of the word "googol",^[35][36] the number one followed by one hundred zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine wants to provide large quantities of information for people.^[37] Originally, Google ran under the Stanford University website, with the domain google.stanford.edu.^[38]

The domain name for Google was registered on September 15, 1997,^[39] and the company was incorporated on September 4, 1998. It was based in a friend’s (Susan Wojcicki^[1]) garage in Menlo Park, California. Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.^[1][40][41]

Financing and initial public offering

The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of US$100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was even incorporated.^[43] Early in 1999, while still graduate students, Brin and Page decided that the search engine they had developed was taking up too much of their time from academic pursuits. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million. He rejected the offer, and later criticized Vinod Khosla, one of Excite’s venture capitalists, after he had negotiated Brin and Page down to $750,000. On June 7, 1999, a $25 million round of funding was announced,^[44] with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.^[43]

Google’s initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later on August 19, 2004. The company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.^[45][46] Shares were sold in a unique online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the deal.^[47][48] The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.^[49] The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google, and many Google employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place.^[50]

Some people speculated that Google’s IPO would inevitably lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires.^[51] As a reply to this concern, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company’s culture.^[52] In 2005, however, articles in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.^[53][54][55] In an effort to maintain the company’s unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on: a flat organization with a collaborative environment.^[56] Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.^[57][58]

The stock’s performance after the IPO went well, with shares hitting $700 for the first time on October 31, 2007,^[59] primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market.^[60] The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.^[60] The company is now listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG and under the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1.

Growth

In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups.^[61] The next year, against Page and Brin’s initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine,^[62] Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords.^[1] In order to maintain an uncluttered page design and increase speed, advertisements were solely text-based. Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bids and click-throughs, with bidding starting at five cents per click.^[1] This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by Goto.com, an Idealab spin-off created by Bill Gross.^[63][64] When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company’s pay-per-click and bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo! and renamed Yahoo! Search Marketing. The case was then settled out of court, with Google agreeing to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.^[65]

During this time, Google was granted a patent describing its PageRank mechanism.^[66] The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor. In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased its current office complex from Silicon Graphics at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, California.^[67] The complex has since come to be known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one followed by a googol zeroes. Three years later, Google would buy the property from SGI for $319 million.^[68] By that time, the name "Google” had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "google” to be added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet.”^[69][70]

Acquisitions and partnerships

Since 2001, Google has acquired many companies, mainly focusing on small venture capital companies. In 2004, Google acquired Keyhole, Inc.^[71] The start-up company developed a product called Earth Viewer that gave a 3-D view of the Earth. Google renamed the service to Google Earth in 2005. Two years later, Google bought the online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in stock.^[72] On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick for $3.1 billion, giving Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies.^[73] Later that same year, Google purchased GrandCentral for $50 million.^[74] The site would later be changed over to Google Voice. On August 5, 2009, Google bought out its first public company, purchasing video software maker On2 Technologies for $106.5 million.^[75] Google also acquired Aardvark, a social network search engine, for $50 million, and commented on their internal blog, "we’re looking forward to collaborating to see where we can take it”.^[76] In April 2010, Google announced it had acquired a hardware startup, Agnilux.^[77]

In addition to the numerous companies Google has purchased, the company has partnered with other organizations for everything from research to advertising. In 2005, Google partnered with NASA Ames Research Center to build 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m²) of offices.^[78] The offices would be used for research projects involving large-scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry. Later that year, Google entered into a partnership with Sun Microsystems in October 2005 to help share and distribute each other’s technologies.^[79] The company also partnered with AOL of Time Warner,^[80] to enhance each other’s video search services. Google’s 2005 partnerships also included financing the new .mobi top-level domain for mobile devices, along with other companies including Microsoft, Nokia, and Ericsson.^[81] Google would later launch "Adsense for Mobile”, taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.^[82] Increasing their advertising reach even further, Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on popular social networking site MySpace.^[83]

In October 2006, Google announced that it had acquired the video-sharing site YouTube for US$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.^[84] Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube’s running costs, and YouTube’s revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material” in a regulatory filing.^[85] In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 YouTube revenue at US$200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.^[86] In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, a service that pretends to follow Santa Claus’ progress on Christmas Eve,^[87] using Google Earth to "track Santa” in 3-D for the first time,^[88] and displacing former sponsor AOL. Google-owned YouTube gave NORAD Tracks Santa its own channel.^[89]

In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on September 6, 2008.^[90] Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of Life Magazine‘s photographs as part of its latest partnership. Some of the images in the archive were never published in the magazine.^[91] The photos were watermarked and originally had copyright notices posted on all photos, regardless of public domain status.^[92]

In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable-energy project, putting up $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, or enough to supply 55,000 homes. The farms, which were developed by NextEra Energy Resources, will reduce fossil fuel use in the region and return profits. NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a twenty percent stake in the project in order to get funding for project development.^[93] Also in 2010, Google purchased Global IP Solutions, a Norway based company that provides web-based teleconferencing and other related services. This acquisition will enable Google to add telephone-style services to its list of products.^[94] On May 27, 2010, Google announced it had also closed the acquisition of the mobile ad network, AdMob. This purchase occurred days after the Federal Trade Commission closed its investigation into the purchase.^[95] Google acquired the company for an undisclosed amount.^[96] In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years.^[97]

On April 4, 2011 The Globe and Mail reported that Google bid $900-million for six thousand Nortel Networks patents.^[98]

Products and services

Advertising

Ninety-nine percent of Google’s revenue is derived from its advertising programs.^[99] For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues.^[100] Google has implemented various innovations in the online advertising market that helped make them one of the biggest brokers in the market. Using technology from the company DoubleClick, Google can determine user interests and target advertisements so they are relevant to their context and the user that is viewing them.^[101][102] Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page.^[103] Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. Google’s AdWords allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network, through either a cost-per-click or cost-per-view scheme. The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website, and earn money every time ads are clicked.^[104]

One of the disadvantages and criticisms of this program is Google’s inability to combat click fraud, when a person or automated script "clicks” on advertisements without being interested in the product, which causes that advertiser to pay money to Google unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claim that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were in fact fraudulent or invalid.^[105] Furthermore, there has been controversy over Google’s "search within a search”, where a secondary search box enables the user to find what they are looking for within a particular website. It was soon reported that when performing a search within a search for a specific company, advertisements from competing and rival companies often showed up along with those results, drawing users away from the site they were originally searching.^[106] Another complaint against Google’s advertising is their censorship of advertisers, though many cases concern compliance with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. For example, in February 2003, Google stopped showing the advertisements of Oceana, a non-profit organization protesting a major cruise ship’s sewage treatment practices. Google cited its editorial policy at the time, stating "Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocates against other individuals, groups, or organizations.”^[107] The policy was later changed.^[108] In June 2008, Google reached an advertising agreement with Yahoo!, which would have allowed Yahoo! to feature Google advertisements on their web pages. The alliance between the two companies was never completely realized due to antitrust concerns by the U.S. Department of Justice. As a result, Google pulled out of the deal in November 2008.^[109][110]

In an attempt to advertise its own products, Google launched a website called Demo Slam, developed to demonstrate technology demos of Google products.^[111] Each week, two teams compete at putting Google’s technology into new contexts. Search Engine Journal said Demo Slam is "a place where creative and tech-savvy people can create videos to help the rest of the world understand all the newest and greatest technology out there.”^[112]

Search engine

Google Search, a web search engine, is the company’s most popular service. According to market research published by comScore in November 2009, Google is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with a market share of 65.6%.^[114] Google indexes billions^[115] of web pages, so that users can search for the information they desire, through the use of keywords and operators. Despite its popularity, it has received criticism from a number of organizations. In 2003, The New York Times complained about Google’s indexing, claiming that Google’s caching of content on their site infringed on their copyright for the content.^[116] In this case, the United States District Court of Nevada ruled in favor of Google in Field v. Google and Parker v. Google.^[117][118] Furthermore, the publication 2600: The Hacker Quarterly has compiled a list of words that the web giant’s new instant search feature will not search.^[119] Google Watch has also criticized Google’s PageRank algorithms, saying that they discriminate against new websites and favor established sites,^[120] and has made allegations about connections between Google and the NSA and the CIA.^[121] Despite criticism, the basic search engine has spread to specific services as well, including an image search engine, the Google News search site, Google Maps, and more. In early 2006, the company launched Google Video, which allowed users to upload, search, and watch videos from the Internet.^[122] In 2009, however, uploads to Google Video were discontinued so that Google could focus more on the search aspect of the service.^[123] The company even developed Google Desktop, a desktop search application used to search for files local to one’s computer. Google’s most recent development in search is their partnership with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to create Google Patents, which enables free access to information about patents and trademarks.

One of the more controversial search services Google hosts is Google Books. The company began scanning books and uploading limited previews, and full books where allowed, into their new book search engine. The Authors Guild, a group that represents 8,000 U.S. authors, filed a class action suit in a New York City federal court against Google in 2005 over this new service. Google replied that it is in compliance with all existing and historical applications of copyright laws regarding books.^[124] Google eventually reached a revised settlement in 2009 to limit its scans to books from the U.S., the UK, Australia and Canada.^[125] Furthermore, the Paris Civil Court ruled against Google in late 2009, asking them to remove the works of La Martinière (Éditions du Seuil) from their database.^[126] In competition with Amazon.com, Google plans to sell digital versions of new books.^[127] Similarly, in response to newcomer Bing, on July 21, 2010, Google updated their image search to display a streaming sequence of thumbnails that enlarge when pointed at. Though web searches still appear in a batch per page format, on July 23, 2010, dictionary definitions for certain English words began appearing above the linked results for web searches.^[128] Google’s algorithm was changed in March 2011, giving more weight to high-quality content^[129] possibly by the use of n-grams to remove spun content.^[130]

Productivity tools

In addition to its standard web search services, Google has released over the years a number of online productivity tools. Gmail, a free webmail service provided by Google, was launched as an invitation-only beta program on April 1, 2004,^[131] and became available to the general public on February 7, 2007.^[132] The service was upgraded from beta status on July 7, 2009,^[133] at which time it had 146 million users monthly.^[134] The service would be the first online email service with one gigabyte of storage, and the first to keep emails from the same conversation together in one thread, similar to an Internet forum.^[131] The service currently offers over 7400 MB of free storage with additional storage ranging from 20 GB to 16 TB available for US$0.25 per 1 GB per year.^[135] Furthermore, software developers know Gmail for its pioneering use of AJAX, a programming technique that allows web pages to be interactive without refreshing the browser.^[136] One criticism of Gmail has been the potential for data disclosure, a risk associated with many online web applications. Steve Ballmer (Microsoft’s CEO),^[137] Liz Figueroa,^[138] Mark Rasch,^[139] and the editors of Google Watch^[140] believe the processing of email message content goes beyond proper use, but Google claims that mail sent to or from Gmail is never read by a human being beyond the account holder, and is only used to improve relevance of advertisements.^[141]

Google Docs, another part of Google’s productivity suite, allows users to create, edit, and collaborate on documents in an online environment, not dissimilar to Microsoft Word. The service was originally called Writely, but was obtained by Google on March 9, 2006, where it was released as an invitation-only preview.^[142] On June 6 after the acquisition, Google created an experimental spreadsheet editing program,^[143] which would be combined with Google Docs on October 10.^[144] A program to edit presentations would complete the set on September 17, 2007,^[145] before all three services were taken out of beta along with Gmail, Google Calendar and all products from the Google Apps Suite on July 7, 2009.^[133]

Enterprise products

Google entered the enterprise market in February 2002 with the launch of its Google Search Appliance, targeted toward providing search technology for larger organizations.^[1] Google launched the Mini three years later, which was targeted at smaller organizations. Late in 2006, Google began to sell Custom Search Business Edition, providing customers with an advertising-free window into Google.com’s index. The service was renamed Google Site Search in 2008.^[146]

Another one of Google’s enterprise products is Google Apps Premier Edition. The service, and its accompanying Google Apps Education Edition and Standard Edition, allow companies, schools, and other organizations to bring Google’s online applications, such as Gmail and Google Documents, into their own domain. The Premier Edition specifically includes extras over the Standard Edition such as more disk space, API access, and premium support, and it costs $50 per user per year. A large implementation of Google Apps with 38,000 users is at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. In the same year Google Apps was launched, Google acquired Postini^[147] and proceeded to integrate the company’s security technologies into Google Apps^[148] under the name Google Postini Services.^[149]

Other products

Google Translate is a server-side machine translation service, which can translate between 35 different languages. Browser extensions allow for easy access to Google Translate from the browser. The software uses corpus linguistics techniques, where the program "learns” from professionally translated documents, specifically UN and European Parliament proceedings.^[150] Furthermore, a "suggest a better translation” feature accompanies the translated text, allowing users to indicate where the current translation is incorrect or otherwise inferior to another translation.

Google launched its Google News service in 2002. The site proclaimed that the company had created a "highly unusual” site that "offers a news service compiled solely by computer algorithms without human intervention. Google employs no editors, managing editors, or executive editors.”^[151] The site hosted less licensed news content than Yahoo! News, and instead presented topically selected links to news and opinion pieces along with reproductions of their headlines, story leads, and photographs.^[152] The photographs are typically reduced to thumbnail size and placed next to headlines from other news sources on the same topic in order to minimize copyright infringement claims. Nevertheless, Agence France Presse sued Google for copyright infringement in federal court in the District of Columbia, a case which Google settled for an undisclosed amount in a pact that included a license of the full text of AFP articles for use on Google News.^[153]

In 2006, Google made a bid to offer free wireless broadband access throughout the city of San Francisco along with Internet service provider EarthLink. Large telecommunications companies such as Comcast and Verizon opposed such efforts, claiming it was "unfair competition” and that cities would be violating their commitments to offer local monopolies to these companies. In his testimony before Congress on network neutrality in 2006, Google’s Chief Internet Evangelist Vint Cerf blamed such tactics on the fact that nearly half of all consumers lack meaningful choice in broadband providers.^[154] Google currently offers free wi-fi access in its hometown of Mountain View, California.^[155]

One year later, reports surfaced that Google was planning the release of its own mobile phone, possibly a competitor to Apple‘s iPhone.^{[156][157][158]} The project, called Android, turned out not to be a phone but an operating system for mobile devices, which Google acquired and then released as an open source project under the Apache 2.0 license.^[159] Google provides a software development kit for developers so applications can be created to be run on Android-based phone. In September 2008, T-Mobile released the G1, the first Android-based phone.^[160] More than a year later on January 5, 2010, Google released an Android phone under its own company name called the Nexus One.^[161]

Other projects Google has worked on include a new collaborative communication service, a web browser, and even a mobile operating system. The first of these was first announced on May 27, 2009. Google Wave was described as a product that helps users communicate and collaborate on the web. The service is Google’s "email redesigned”, with realtime editing, the ability to embed audio, video, and other media, and extensions that further enhance the communication experience. Google Wave was previously in a developer’s preview, where interested users had to be invited to test the service, but was released to the general public on May 19, 2010, at Google’s I/O keynote. On September 1, 2008, Google pre-announced the upcoming availability of Google Chrome, an open source web browser,^[162] which was then released on September 2, 2008. The next year, on July 7, 2009, Google announced Google Chrome OS, an open source Linux-based operating system that includes only a web browser and is designed to log users into their Google account.^[163][164]

Corporate affairs and culture

Google is known for having an informal corporate culture. On Fortune magazine’s list of best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007 and 2008^[165][166] and fourth in 2009 and 2010.^[167][168] Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world’s most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction index.^[169] Google’s corporate philosophy embodies such casual principles as "you can make money without doing evil,” "you can be serious without a suit,” and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun.”^[170]

Employees

Google’s stock performance following its initial public offering has enabled many early employees to be competitively compensated.^[172] After the company’s IPO, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $1. Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries have been turned down, primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt was making $250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each earned a salary of $150,000.^[173]

In 2007 and through early 2008, several top executives left Google. In October 2007, former chief financial officer of YouTube Gideon Yu joined Facebook^[174] along with Benjamin Ling, a high-ranking engineer.^[175] In March 2008, Sheryl Sandburg, then vice-president of global online sales and operations, began her position as chief operating officer of Facebook^[176] while Ash ElDifrawi, formerly head of brand advertising, left to become chief marketing officer of Netshops, an online retail company that was renamed Hayneedle in 2009.^[177] On April 4, 2011 Larry Page became CEO and Eric Schmidt became Executive Chairman of Google.^[178]

As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy often called Innovation Time Off, where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects that interest them. Some of Google’s newer services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors.^[179] In a talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google’s Vice President of Search Products and User Experience, showed that half of all new product launches at the time had originated from the Innovation Time Off.^[180]

On March 2011, consulting firm Universum released data that Google ranks the first on list of ideal employers by nearly 25 percent chosen from more than 10,000 young professionals asked. It means almost twice as many as choose the second rank.^[181]

Googleplex

Google’s headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as "the Googleplex", a play on words on the number googolplex and the headquarters itself being a complex of buildings. The lobby is decorated with a piano, lava lamps, old server clusters, and a projection of search queries on the wall. The hallways are full of exercise balls and bicycles. Each employee has access to the corporate recreation center. Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines, locker rooms, washers and dryers, a massage room, assorted video games, table football, a baby grand piano, a billiard table, and ping pong. In addition to the rec room, there are snack rooms stocked with various foods and drinks.^[182] In 2006, Google moved into 311,000 square feet (28,900 m²) of office space in New York City, at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan.^[183] The office was specially designed and built for Google, and it now houses its largest advertising sales team, which has been instrumental in securing large partnerships.^[183] In 2003, they added an engineering staff in New York City, which has been responsible for more than 100 engineering projects, including Google Maps, Google Spreadsheets, and others. It is estimated that the building costs Google $10 million per year to rent and is similar in design and functionality to its Mountain View headquarters, including table football, air hockey, and ping-pong tables, as well as a video game area. In November 2006, Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon‘s campus in Pittsburgh, focusing on shopping related advertisement coding and smartphone applications and programs.^[184][185] By late 2006, Google also established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.^[186] Furthermore, Google has offices all around the world, and in the United States, including Atlanta, Austin, Boulder, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington DC.

Google is taking steps to ensure that their operations are environmentally sound. In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus’ energy needs.^[187] The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.^[187] In addition, Google announced in 2009 that it was deploying herds of goats to keep grassland around the Googleplex short, helping to prevent the threat from seasonal bush fires while also reducing the carbon footprint of mowing the extensive grounds.^[188][189] The idea of trimming lawns using goats originated from R. J. Widlar, an engineer who worked for National Semiconductor.^[190] Despite this, Google has faced accusations in Harper’s Magazine of being extremely excessive with their energy usage, and were accused of employing their "Don’t be evil” motto as well as their very public energy saving campaigns as means of trying to cover up or make up for the massive amounts of energy their servers actually require.^[191]

Easter eggs and April Fools’ Day jokes

Google has a tradition of creating April Fools’ Day jokes. For example, Google MentalPlex allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.^[192] In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called TiSP, or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their toilet.^[193] Also in 2007, Google’s Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper, allowing users to have email messages printed and shipped to them.^[194] In 2008 Google announced Gmail Custom time where users could change the time that the email was sent.^[195] In 2010, Google jokingly changed its company name to Topeka in honor of Topeka, Kansas, whose mayor actually changed the city’s name to Google for a short amount of time in an attempt to sway Google’s decision in its new Google Fiber Project.^[196][197] In 2011, Google announced Gmail Motion, an interactive way of controlling Gmail and the computer with body movements via the user’s webcam.^[198]

In addition to April Fools’ Day jokes, Google’s services contain a number of Easter eggs. For instance, Google included the Swedish Chef‘s "Bork bork bork,” Pig Latin, "Hacker” or leetspeak, Elmer Fudd, and Klingon as language selections for its search engine.^[199] In addition, the search engine calculator provides the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything from Douglas Adams‘ The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy.^[200] Furthermore, when searching the word "recursion”, the spell-checker’s result for the properly spelled word is exactly the same word, creating a recursive link.^[201] Likewise, when searching for the word "anagram,” meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Google’s suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?”^[202] In Google Maps, searching for directions between places separated by large bodies of water, such as Los Angeles and Tokyo, results in instructions to "kayak across the Pacific Ocean.” During FIFA World Cup 2010, search queries like "World Cup”, "FIFA”, etc. caused the "Goooo…gle” page indicator at the bottom of every result page to read "Goooo…al!” instead.

Philanthropy

In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund of $1 billion.^[203] The mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change, global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 miles per gallon. Google hired Dr. Larry Brilliant as the program’s executive director in 2004^[204] and the current director is Megan Smith.^[205]

In 2008 Google announced its "project 10¹⁰⁰” which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites.^[206] After two years of silence, during which many wondered what had happened to the program,^[207] Google revealed the winners of the project, giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online.^[208]

In 2011, Google donated 1 million euros to International Mathematical Olympiad for to support the next five annual International Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015).^[209]

Network neutrality

Google is a noted supporter of network neutrality. According to Google’s Guide to Net Neutrality:

Network neutrality is the principle that Internet users should be in control of what content they view and what applications they use on the Internet. The Internet has operated according to this neutrality principle since its earliest days… Fundamentally, net neutrality is about equal access to the Internet. In our view, the broadband carriers should not be permitted to use their market power to discriminate against competing applications or content. Just as telephone companies are not permitted to tell consumers who they can call or what they can say, broadband carriers should not be allowed to use their market power to control activity online.^[210]

On February 7, 2006, Vint Cerf, a co-inventor of the Internet Protocol (IP), and current Vice President and "Chief Internet Evangelist” at Google, in testimony before Congress, said, "allowing broadband carriers to control what people see and do online would fundamentally undermine the principles that have made the Internet such a success.”^[211]

Privacy

Eric Schmidt, Google’s chief executive, said 2007 in an interview with the Financial Times: "The goal is to enable Google users to be able to ask the question such as ‘What shall I do tomorrow?’ and ‘What job shall I take?'”.^[212] Schmidt reaffirmed this 2010 in an interview with the Wall Street Journal: "I actually think most people don’t want Google to answer their questions, they want Google to tell them what they should be doing next.”^[213]

On December 2009, Google’s CEO, Eric Schmidt, declared after privacy concerns: "If you have something that you don’t want anyone to know, maybe you shouldn’t be doing it in the first place. If you really need that kind of privacy, the reality is that search engines — including Google — do retain this information for some time and it’s important, for example, that we are all subject in the United States to the Patriot Act and it is possible that all that information could be made available to the authorities.”^[214] Privacy International ranked Google as "Hostile to Privacy”, its lowest rating on their report, making Google the only company in the list to receive that ranking.^[215][216]

At the Techonomy conference in 2010 Eric Schmidt predicted that "true transparency and no anonymity” is the way forward for the internet: "In a world of asynchronous threats it is too dangerous for there not to be some way to identify you. We need a [verified] name service for people. Governments will demand it.” He also said that "If I look at enough of your messaging and your location, and use artificial intelligence, we can predict where you are going to go. Show us 14 photos of yourself and we can identify who you are. You think you don’t have 14 photos of yourself on the internet? You’ve got Facebook photos!”^[217]

The non-profit group Public Information Research launched Google Watch, a website advertised as "a look at Google’s monopoly, algorithms, and privacy issues.”^[218][219] The site raised questions relating to Google’s storage of cookies, which in 2007 had a life span of more than 32 years and incorporated a unique ID that enabled creation of a user data log.^[220] Google’s has also faced criticism with its release of Google Buzz, Google’s version of social networking, where Gmail users had their contact lists automatically made public unless they opted out.^[221] Google has been criticized for its censorship of certain sites in specific countries and regions. Until March 2010, Google adhered to the Internet censorship policies of China, enforced by means of filters known colloquially as "The Great Firewall of China".^[222] There were reports in 2010 from leaked diplomatic cables that the Chinese Politburo had hacked into Google’s computers as part of a worldwide coordinated campaign of computer sabotage carried out by "government operatives, private security experts and Internet outlaws recruited by the Chinese government.”^[223]

Despite being highly influential in local and national public policy, Google does not disclose its political spending online. In August 2010, New York City Public Advocate Bill de Blasio launched a national campaign urging the corporation to disclose all of its political spending.^[224]

During 2006-2010 Google Streetview camera cars collected about 600 gigabytes of data from users of unencrypted public and private Wi-Fi networks in more than 30 countries. No disclosures nor privacy policy was given to those affected, nor to the owners of the Wi-Fi stations. A Google representative claimed that they were not aware of their own data collection activities until an inquiry from German regulators was received, and that none of this data was used in Google’s search engine or other services. A representative of Consumer Watchdog replied, "Once again, Google has demonstrated a lack of concern for privacy. Its computer engineers run amok, push the envelope and gather whatever data they can until their fingers are caught in the cookie jar.” In a sign that legal penalties may result, Google said it will not destroy the data until permitted by regulators.^[225][226]

See also

• Gayglers – LGBT employee group
• Google China
• Google logo
• Google platform
• Google Ventures – venture capital fund
• Googlebot – web crawler
• List of Google domains

References

External links

• Official website
• Corporate homepage
• Official blog
• Google channel on YouTube
• Google at CrunchBase
• Google Research
• Google website from November 11, 1998 at the Internet Archive